READING PASSAGE- 1 (রিডিং অনুচ্ছেদ- ১) | আইএলটিএস ১৬ | জটিল শব্দের (ভোকাবুলারি) বাংলা অর্থ ও সমাধানসহ

আইএলটিএস একাডেমিক ১৬ | জটিল শব্দের (ভোকাবুলারি) বাংলা অর্থ ও সমাধানসহ

READING PASSAGE- 1 (রিডিং অনুচ্ছেদ-১) | ILTS ACADEMIC 16 | জটিল শব্দের (ভোকাবুলারি) বাংলা অর্থ ও সমাধানসহ

Vocabulary (শব্দ ভান্ডার):

অনুচ্ছেদ পড়া শুরুর  আগে নিম্নের শব্দগুলোর দিকে একবার চোখ বুলিয়ে নিই। পড়া শেষে কমেন্টে অনুশীলন করতে এবং Done লিখতে ভুলবেন না। 

threatened (হুমকি) 

disappearance (অদর্শন) 

far-reaching (ফার-রিচিং- সুদূরপ্রসারী) 

consequences (পরিণতি)

Arctic Circle (সুমেরুবৃত্ত)

underneath (আন্ডারনিথ-নিম্নদেশে)

comparative (কমফারেটিভ- তুলনামূলক) 

adipose (এডিপোউজ- চর্বিযুক্ত)

tissue (কলা/ দেহকোষ)

obese (অবিস-স্থুল)

consequences (পরিণতি)

sheds light on (আলো ফেলে/ আলোচনায় আনে)

mystery (রহস্য)

toughest (ট্রাফেস্ট- কঠিনতম)

mutations (পরিব্যক্তি/ পরিবর্তন)

starvation (স্ট্রাভেইশন- অনাহার)

constantly (ক্রমাগতভাবে)

remodeled (রিমডেলড- পুনর্নির্মাণ)

nutrient (পুষ্টি) 

stress (চাপ)

undergo (সহ্য করা)

autumn (শরৎ)

maternity dens (মাতৃত্বকালীন গুহা/ গর্ত)

throughout (সর্বত্র/ সম্পূর্ণরূপে)

cubs (পশুশাবক)

fasting (উপবাস)

cubs (পশুশাবক) 

depleting (অবক্ষয়/ ক্ষয়)

reserves (সংরক্ষিত)

Despite this (এ সত্ত্বেও)

dense (ঘন/ নিগূঢ়)

Physiologists (ফিজিওলজিস্ট)

paradox (প্রচলিত মতের বিরুদ্ধ মত)

dens (গুহা)

emerged (নির্গত/ বের হওয়া)

evidence (প্রমাণ) 

significant (উল্লেখযোগ্য)

Hibernating (হাইবারনেইটিং- শীতযাপন করা)

resort (রিজোর্ট- অবলম্বন/ গমন)

spring (বসন্ত)

mechanism (পদ্ধতি)

bedridden (বেডরিডেন- শয্যাশায়ী/ বার্ধক্যশয্যাগত)

astronauts (এস্ট্রোনট- মহাকাশচারী)

potentially (কার্যকরভাবে)

humanity (মানবতা)

conservation (সংরক্ষণ)

perceived (পারসিভ- অনুভূত) 

anecdotal (এনেকডোটাল- উপাখ্যান)

assumptions (অনুমান)

manipulate (ম্যানিপুলেট- নিপূণভাবে ব্যবহার করা)

dislodge (ডিসলোজ- অপসারণ করা)

hung out (থাকা)

witnessed (উইথনেসড- দৃষ্ট/ সাক্ষ্য)

barrels (ব্যারেলস- পিপা/ নল)

deliberate (ডেলিভারেটলি- ভেবেচিন্তে/ জ্ঞাতচিত্তে)

manipulation (ম্যানিপুলেশন- দক্ষতা সহকারে হস্তচালন)

piles (পাইলজ- ঢিবিসমূহ)

demonstrates (ডেমোন্সট্রেটস- প্রদর্শন করে) 

agile (এজাইল- কর্মতৎপর/ কার্যদক্ষ)

thought-out behaviours (চিন্তাশীল আচরণ)

anecdotal (anəkˈdōdl- উপাখ্যান/ অকল্পনীয়)

seemingly (আপাতদৃষ্টিতে)

frustration (হতাশা)

Moreover (অধিকন্তু)

species (ˈspēsēz- স্পিসিইজ- প্রজাতি)

sleds (স্লেজ গাড়ি)

Remarkably (উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে)

extinction (ikˈstiNG(k)SH(ə)n- ইক্সট্রিংকশন- বিলুপ্তি)

potential (সম্ভাবনা সূচক/ সম্ভাবনাময়) 

breakthroughs (ব্রেকথ্রু- যুগান্তকারী) 

majestic (মাজেস্টিক- মহিমান্বিত/ রাজকীয়) 

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13  which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

 

Why we need to protect polar bears

(কেন আমাদের মেরু ভালুক রক্ষা করা প্রয়োজন)

Polar bears are being increasingly threatened (হুমকি) by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance (অদর্শন) could have far-reaching (ফার-রিচিং- সুদূরপ্রসারী) consequences (পরিণতি). They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle (সুমেরুবৃত্ত), where temperatures can reach -40°C. One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimetres of fat underneath (আন্ডারনিথ-নিম্নদেশে) their skin. Humans with comparative (কমফারেটিভ- তুলনামূলক) levels of adipose (এডিপোউজ- চর্বিযুক্ত) tissue (কলা/ দেহকোষ) would be considered obese (অবিস-স্থুল) and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease. Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences (পরিণতি).

A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on (আলো ফেলে/ আলোচনায় আনে) this mystery (রহস্য). They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears. This allowed them to determine the genes that have allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest (ট্রাফেস্ট- কঠিনতম) environments on Earth. Liu and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as APoB, which reduces levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) – a form of ‘bad’ cholesterol. In humans, mutations (পরিব্যক্তি/ পরিবর্তন) of this gene are associated with increased risk of heart disease. Polar bears may therefore be an important study model to understand heart disease in humans.

The genome of the polar bear may also provide the solution for another condition, one that particularly affects our older generation: osteoporosis (অস্টিওপরোসিস). This is a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced calcium intake or food starvation (স্ট্রাভেইশন- অনাহার). Bone tissue is constantly (ক্রমাগতভাবে) being remodelled (রিমাডেল- পুনর্নির্মাণ), meaning that bone is added or removed, depending on nutrient (পুষ্টি) availability and the stress (চাপ) that the bone is under. Female polar bears, however, undergo (সহ্য করা) extreme conditions during every pregnancy. Once autumn (শরৎ) comes around, these females will dig maternity dens (মাতৃত্বকালীন গুহা/ গর্ত) in the snow and will remain there throughout (সর্বত্র/ সম্পূর্ণরূপে) the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs (পশুশাবক). This process results in about six months of fasting (উপবাস), where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs (পশুশাবক) alive, depleting (অবক্ষয়/ ক্ষয়) their own calcium and calorie reserves (সংরক্ষিত). Despite this (এ সত্ত্বেও), their bones remain strong and dense (ঘন/ নিগূঢ়).

Physiologists (ফিজিওলজিস্ট) Alanda Lennox and Allen Goodship found an explanation for this paradox (প্রচলিত মতের বিরুদ্ধ মত) in 2008. They discovered that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their dens (গুহা). In addition, six months later, when they finally emerged (নির্গত/ বের হওয়া) from the den (গুহা) with their cubs (পশু শাবক), there was no evidence (প্রমাণ) of significant (উল্লেখযোগ্য) loss of bone density. Hibernating (হাইবারনেইটিং- শীতযাপন করা) brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort (রিজোর্ট- অবলম্বন/ গমন) to major bone reformation in the following spring (বসন্ত). If the mechanism (পদ্ধতি) of bone remodelling in polar bears can be understood, many bedridden (বেডরিডেন- শয্যাশায়ী/ বার্ধক্যশয্যাগত) humans, and even astronauts (এস্ট্রোনট- মহাকাশচারী), could potentially (কার্যকরভাবে) benefit.

The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity (মানবতা) certainly have their importance in our conservation (সংরক্ষণ) efforts, but these should not be the only factors taken into consideration. We tend to want to protect animals we think are intelligent and possess emotions, such as elephants and primates. Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived (পারসিভ- অনুভূত) as stupid and in many cases violent. And yet anecdotal (এনেকডোটাল- উপাখ্যান) evidence from the field challenges those assumptions (অনুমান), suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-solving abilities. A male bear called GoGo in Tennoji Zoo, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate (ম্যানিপুলেট- নিপূণভাবে ব্যবহার করা) his environment. The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge (ডিসলোজ- অপসারণ করা) a piece of meat hung out (থাকা) of his reach. Problem-solving ability has also been witnessed (উইথনেসড- দৃষ্ট/ সাক্ষ্য) in wild polar bears, although not as obviously as with GoGo. A calculated move by a male bear involved running and jumping onto barrels (ব্যারেলস- পিপা/ নল) in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform four metres high.

In other studies, such as one by Alison Ames in 2008, polar bears showed deliberate (ডেলিভারেটলি- ভেবেচিন্তে/ জ্ঞাতচিত্তে) and focused manipulation (ম্যানিপুলেশন- দক্ষতা সহকারে হস্তচালন). For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles (পাইলজ- ঢিবিসমূহ) and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a game. The study demonstrates (ডেমোন্সট্রেটস- প্রদর্শন করে) that bears are capable of agile (এজাইল- কর্মতৎপর/ কার্যদক্ষ) and thought-out behaviours (চিন্তাশীল আচরণ). These examples suggest bears have greater creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.

As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal (anəkˈdōdl- উপাখ্যান/ অকল্পনীয়), many bears have been seen to hit out at ice and snow – seemingly (আপাতদৃষ্টিতে) out of frustration (হতাশা) – when they have just missed out on a kill. Moreover (অধিকন্তু), polar bears can form unusual relationships with other species (ˈspēsēz- স্পিসিইজ- প্রজাতি), including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds (স্লেজ গাড়ি) in the Arctic. Remarkably (উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে), one hand-raised polar bear called Agee has formed a close relationship with her owner Mark Dumas to the point where they even swim together. This is even more astonishing (əˈstänəSHiNG- এস্ট্রোনেশিং- আশ্চর্যজনক) since polar bears are known to actively hunt humans in the wild.

If climate change were to lead to their extinction (ikˈstiNG(k)SH(ə)n- ইক্সট্রিংকশন- বিলুপ্তি), this would mean not only the loss of potential (সম্ভাবনা সূচক/ সম্ভাবনাময়) breakthroughs (ব্রেকথ্রু- যুগান্তকারী) in human medicine, but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent, majestic (মাজেস্টিক- মহিমান্বিত/ রাজকীয়) animal.

 

Questions 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE               if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE              if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN    if there is no information on this

1   Polar bears suffer from various health problems due to the build-up of fat under their skin.

 

 

ANSWER: FALSE

2   The study done by Liu and his colleagues compared different groups of polar bears.

 

ANSWER: FALSE

3   Liu and colleagues were the first researchers to compare polar bears and brown bears genetically.

 

ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

4   Polar bears are able to control their levels of ‘bad’ cholesterol by genetic means.

 

ANSWER: TRUE

5   Female polar bears are able to survive for about six months without food.

 

 

ANSWER: TRUE

6   It was found that the bones of female polar bears were very weak when they came out of their dens in spring.

 

ANSWER: FALSE

7   The polar bear’s mechanism for increasing bone density could also be used by people one day.

 

ANSWER: TRUE

 

Questions 8-13

Complete the table below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

Reasons why polar bears should be protected

People think of bears as unintelligent and 8 ………………. .

However, this may not be correct. For example:

●   In Tennoji Zoo, a bear has been seen using a branch as a 9 ………………. . This allowed him to knock down some 10 ………………. .

●   A wild polar bear worked out a method of reaching a platform where a 11 ………………. was located.

●   Polar bears have displayed behaviour such as conscious manipulation of objects and activity similar to a 12 ………………. .

Bears may also display emotions. For example:

●   They may make movements suggesting 13 ………………. if disappointed when hunting.

●   They may form relationships with other species.

 ANSWER:

8   violent

 

9   tool

 

10   meat

 

11   photographer

 

12   game

 

13   frustration

Reference: Cambridge IELTS 16 Academic, Page: 16-19